Ma og tahay habka doorashada ee lagu dooranayo madaxweynaha Mareykanka sida uu u horumaray waqti ka dib? Waxaa jirtay in dad kooban ay dooran karaan hogaamiyaha dalka. Laakiin hadda, arrimuhu way is beddeleen, oo qof kastaa wuu ka qaybgeli karaa doorashada oo dooran karaa qofka ku habboon waddankiisa.
Iyadoo fikradda ah in sharad lagu galo doorashada, safarka doorashada madaxweynaha Mareykanka ayaa gabi ahaanba isbedelay. 2024 doorashada USA sharadka waxa ay qaabaynaysaa mustaqbalka doorashada iyada oo loo calaamadiyay in ay tahay tallaabo muhiim u ah taariikhda qaniga ah. Wax badan ka ogow doorashooyinka madaxtinimo ee Maraykanka laga bilaabo bilawga sanadkan.
Sanadaha Bilawga
Sannadkii 1789-kii, doorashadii ugu horreysay ee Maraykanka ayaa la qabtay, halkaas oo George Washington loo doortay hoggaamiyaha dalka. Waqtigaas, Nidaamka Kulliyada Doorashadu waxa uu jiray kaas oo wax u dhimaya natiijooyinka u dhexeeya codbixinta dadka iyo doorashooyinka Congresska. Bilowgii, nimanka cadaanka ah ee hantida lahaa waxay dooran karaan oo kaliya. Xiligaas codbixintu waa ay yaraatay, waxaana si degdeg ah loo dooran jiray hogaamiyaha.
Soo ifbaxa Xisbiyada Siyaasadeed
Bilowgii qarnigii 19-aad, waxaa bilowday xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo ay ka mid yihiin Jamhuuriyiinta iyo Federaalka. Dhawr sano gudahood, geeddi-socodkii doorashadu waxa uu u wareegay dimuqraadiyad. Xuquuqda codbixinta ayaa sidoo kale laga soo bilaabo ragga cadaanka ah oo la gaarsiiyay dad badan.
Lahaanshiyaha ma jirin markaas la tixgeliyey. Waqti ka dib, waxaa la sameeyay nidaamka laba xisbi. Sannadkii 1828-kii, xisbiyada dimuqraadiga ah ayaa qabtay doorashada, waxaana la doortay Andrew Jackson.
Dagaalkii Sokeeye The
Taariikhda Maraykanka, xilligii dib u dhiska intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Sokeeye ayaa ahaa mid lama huraan ah. Markii Abraham Lincoln la doortay 1860-kii, waxay keentay dagaalkii sokeeye. Markii dagaalku dhamaaday, wax ka beddelka 15aad ayaa la ansixiyay 1870-kii, kaas oo siinaya xuquuqda dadka madow ee Maraykanka inay codeeyaan. Muddada dib-u-dhiska ayaa sii socday horumarka sababtoo ah sharciyada Jim Crow. Waxay ka qaaday xuquuqdii codbixinta ee dadka madow sannado badan.
Doorashada Haweenka Inta lagu jiro xilliga Horumarka
Bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad waxa loo tixgaliyey xilligii Horumarka, kaas oo dib-u-habayn lagu sameeyey doorashada. Wax ka beddelka 17aad awgeed, doorashooyin toos ah ayaa loo sharciyeeyay mudanayaasha. Sannadkii 1920-kii, sida ku cad beddelka 19-aad, haweenku waxay heleen xuquuqda codbixinta. Waxa uu ahaa isbedel weyn oo uu dalku ku jiray. Go'aankani wuxuu wax ka beddelay siyaasadda Mareykanka.
Doorka Sharadka ee Doorashada Madaxweynaha
Xuquuqda cod bixinta ee dadweynaha si joogto ah ayay isu beddeshay muddo ka dib. Ka hadalka doorka sharadka marka doorashada la qabanayo maaha wax cusub. Ilaa qarnigii 18aad, waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah muuqaalka siyaasadda. Intii lagu guda jiray doorashooyinkii Lincoln, dadku waxay ku sharmanaayeen musharrixiinta kala duwan ee baararka iyo meelaha kale ee dadweynaha. Dad badan ayaa lacagtooda ku shubtay Lincoln waxayna ku sharadiyeen fursadihiisa guusha.
Maraykanka, sharadka waa la sharciyeeyay ilaa 1800-kii. Laakiin hadda, doorashooyinka madaxtinimo iyada oo loo marayo sharadka ayaa horumaray. Goobo waaweyn ayaa diyaar u ah dhagaystayaashu si ay ugu codeeyaan musharaxa ay jecel yihiin. 2020, codeynta iyo sharadka malaayiin doollar ee doorashooyinka ayaa la arkay. Waxay ka tarjumaysaa ololayaasha casriga ah iyo dabeecadooda aan la saadaalin karin.
Muddada Casriga ah
Habka doorashada ee Maraykanku aad buu isu beddelay badhtamihii qarnigii 20aad ka dib. Sababo la xiriira sharciga codeynta ee 1965, midab takoorka waa la tirtiray, taasoo u ogolaaneysa dadka madow ee Mareykanka inay ka qeyb qaataan oo ay codeeyaan. Sannadkii 1971-kii, wax-ka-beddelka 26aad waxa uu mamnuucay oo hoos u dhigay da'da cod-bixinta laga bilaabo 21 ilaa 18. Waxa ay u keentay fursado cod-bixiyayaasha da'da yar si ay uga qaybgalaan hababka doorashada.
Doorashooyinka Casriga ah
Tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, habka doorashada ee lagu dooranayo madaxweynaha waddanku wuxuu noqday mid aad u adag. Waxayna door weyn ka qaateen tignoolajiyada sidii ay u qabsoomi lahaayeen doorashooyinkii madaxweynihii hore ee Maraykanka si habsami ah oo sax ah. Doorashadii 2000, waxaa jiray tartan dhow oo dhexmaray Al Gore iyo George Bush.
Gabagabadii, Maxkamadda Sare ayaa ku dhawaaqday natiijada doorashada. Iyadoo la tixgalinayo dhacdadii dhoweyd, warqadaha boostada lagu soo diro ayaa loo isticmaalay qabashada doorashooyinka inta lagu jiro aafada. Waqtigaas, suuqa sharadka ayaa ahaa mid firfircoon, oo muujinaya xiisaha caalamiga ah ee ogaanshaha natiijada.
Afkaarta Final
Taariikhda hodanka ah ee doorashadii madaxtinimo ee USA waxay si tartiib tartiib ah ugu gudubtay dimuqraadiyad. Qaranku waxa uu u xuubsiibtey farsamooyin codbixineed oo firfircoon oo caqli badan. Ugu horrayn, tiro kooban oo rag ah oo hanti leh ayaa wax dooran kara. Laakiin hadda, xuquuqda cod bixinta waxaa la siiyaa dadka madow ee Maraykanka ah, haweenka iyo dhalinyarada degan.
Qof kastaa wuu dooran karaa musharaxa uu jecel yahay oo wuxuu ka dhigi karaa hogaamiyaha qaranka. Socdaalkii doorashadu waxa uu soo maray wajiyo badan, walina waa uu is-beddelaya wakhti ka dib. Ku sharadka natiijooyinka doorashadu waxay ahayd mid caadi ah tan iyo markii habka cod bixinta uu ka bilaabmay USA. Dhib maleh haddii aad tahay qof degan ama aadan ahayn, waxaad weli ku sharadsan kartaa musharaxa ku tartamaya doorashada.
