A ranar 5 ga Maris, 1946, Winston Churchill ya dauki mamba a Kwalejin Westminster da ke Fulton, Amurka, kuma ya gabatar da fitaccen jawabin da a karshe ya kayyade rabe-raben duniya zuwa sansanoni biyu masu adawa da juna kuma ya nuna farkon yakin cacar baka. Tsawon shekarun da aka shafe ana gwabzawa tsakanin USSR da Amurka, manyan kasashe sun tara irin wannan makami mai karfi da ya isa ya lalata duniyar. Sai dai cikin farin ciki ne wannan tseren makamai bai rikide zuwa yakin nukiliya ba. Yanzu, shekaru da yawa bayan faɗuwar labulen ƙarfe na yau da kullun, ana ƙara yin iƙirarin cewa matakin arangama tsakanin.
Amurka Da Rasha
Kwatankwacin yanayin da Churchill ya gabatar da shahararren jawabinsa. Na tuna yanayi da sakamakon mummunan jawabin da Firayim Ministan Burtaniya ya yi kuma na gano yadda duniya ta kusanci sabon yakin cacar baka. Da wuya duniya ta sani game da ƙaramin garin Fulton na Amurka idan a 1946 Winston Churchill bai yi shahararriyar jawabinsa a wurin ba, wanda zai kasance har abada a tarihin duniya kamar jawabin Fulton. A wancan lokacin, ba shi ne firaministan Burtaniya ba kuma ya zo Missouri, mahaifar shugaban Amurka Harry Truman, bisa gayyatar da ya yi masa, don yin jawabi ga dalibai a Kwalejin Westminster.
A cikin jawabinsa na mintuna 15, mai taken The Muscles of the World Churchill ya sadaukar da tunaninsa kan sabon tsarin duniya. Ya kira Amurka "mafi karfi a duniya", ya yi magana game da rashin dimokuradiyya da take hakkin dan Adam a wajen kasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi, ya yi kira da a guje wa maimaita mummunan yakin duniya na biyu da kuma juya kwanan nan. ya kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) a matsayin "zamanin banza. Har wala yau, ana iya jin wa]annan abubuwan daga 'yan siyasar Yamma. Amma ba su shiga tarihi ba, sai dai sakin layi da ke bayyana rabewar duniya zuwa sansanonin yaƙi guda biyu.
Daga Stettin a cikin Baltic zuwa Trieste a cikin Adriatic, a fadin nahiyar, an zana Labulen ƙarfe. Bayan wannan layin akwai dukkan manyan biranen tsoffin jihohin Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest da Sofia, duk waɗannan shahararrun biranen da yawan jama'a ke kewaye da su suna cikin abin da zan kira yankin Soviet. , kuma shi ke duk a cikin wani nau'i ko wata, su ne abubuwa na ba kawai Soviet tasiri, amma kuma sosai high, da kuma a wasu lokuta girma, iko da MoscowChurchill jawabin ba kawai ya bayyana farkon arangama tsakanin biyu superpowers amma kuma annabta. samar da NATO. Dan siyasar ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin "Ƙungiyar 'yan uwantaka na ƙasashen masu magana da Ingilishi da Amurka, Birtaniya, da ƙasashen Commonwealth na Birtaniya. Bisa ra'ayinsa, ya kamata mambobin irin wannan kawancen su hada kai wajen mayar da martani kan barazanar da ake fuskanta, da kera makamai, da musayar sojoji, da samar wa juna sansanonin soji.
An kuma baiwa makaman nukiliya wuri na musamman a jawabin Churchill. Dan siyasar na Biritaniya ya yi gargadin a guji bayyana bayanai game da kerawa da kuma amfani da bam din. Churchill ya bayyana cewa: har yanzu duniya ba ta natsu ba kuma ta hade kai don samun damar sanin ilimin sirri kuma babu mutum daya a kowace kasa" ya fara barci mafi muni saboda cewa Amurka ce kawai ke da mafi munin makami.
Amma ba na tunanin cewa dukkanmu za mu yi barci sosai idan yanayin ya kasance akasin haka kuma aka kwace ikon mallakar wannan mummunar hanya ta lalata jama'a - aƙalla na ɗan lokaci - ta hanyar wasu 'yan gurguzu ko na fasistist. Tsoron bam din atom kadai zai ishe su su iya dora daya daga cikin tsarin mulkin kama-karya a duniyar 'yanci, dimokuradiyya, kuma sakamakon wannan zai zama babba. Churchill bai ambaci ko mazauna Hiroshima da Nagasaki sun yi barci cikin natsuwa ba bayan da Amurka ta yi amfani da makaman nukiliya.
Jawabin dan siyasar ya janyo cece-ku-ce tsakanin jama'a da kuma suka da suka da suka hada da Amurka. Har ma Truman ya ba da shawarar cewa Stalin ya zo Fulton ya ba da nasa jawabin - amma shugaban Soviet ya ƙi. Maimakon haka, ya yi wata hira da jaridar Pravda, inda ya kwatanta kalaman Churchill game da matsayi na musamman na ƙasashe masu magana da Ingilishi da ka'idar kabila ta Hitler. Ya kuma dauke su a matsayin wa'adi ga dukan sauran al'ummai: ko dai da son rai yarda da ikon mu, ko za a yi yaki.
Babu shakka, halin Mr. Churchill hali ne ga yaki, kira na yaki da USSR.
Matsayin Mutum A Tarihi
Daga lokacin da aka yi jawabin Fulton, al'ada ne don ƙidaya farkon yakin cacar baka. Duk da haka, ba daidai ba ne a yi imani da cewa jawabin dan siyasar Birtaniya ne ya haifar da shi. Maimakon haka, kawai ya bayyana waɗancan tsarin tafiyar da siyasar ƙasa da ba za a iya jurewa ba wanda a ƙarshe ya mai da tsoffin abokan zama sabbin abokan gaba.
Amurka da USSR sun fito ne daga yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin manyan kasashe masu nasara, sabanin akida da siyasa a tsakanin wadanda ba su yi daidai da nasarar da aka samu a kan Jamus ba, amma, akasin haka, sun zama ma fi bayyane da zahiri, Alan Kafruni, farfesa. na dangantakar kasa da kasa a Kwalejin Hamilton (Amurka), a wata hira da Lenta.ru, ya lura cewa wuraren yakin cacar baki ya ta'allaka ne a cikin juyin juya halin 1917 da kuma tsoma baki a cikin Rasha daga hannun 'yan jari-hujja, ciki har da Amurka. A cewar masanin, arangama tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu a karshen yakin duniya na biyu “babu makawa ne.”
Bi da bi, shugaban kungiyar Vision & Global Trends tunani, Tiberio Graziani, a wata hira da Lenta.ru ya yi nuni da muhimman takardu guda biyu da suka gabaci jawabin Churchill na Fulton. Ɗaya daga cikin sanarwar Welles na 1940, wanda Amurka ta yi Allah wadai da faɗaɗawar Soviet zuwa Baltic. Na biyu shine Yarjejeniya ta Atlantika ta 1941, wacce Churchill da Shugaban Amurka Franklin Roosevelt suka sanyawa hannu. A cikinsa ne kasashen suka zayyana hangen nesansu na tsarin duniya bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Kuma wannan shi ne duk da cewa har yanzu Amurka ba ta shiga cikinta ba a wannan lokacin. A lokaci guda, yarjejeniyar ba ta ƙunshi ambaton USSR da rawar da ta taka a nan gaba ba. Don haka, waɗannan takaddun guda biyu sun riga sun aza harsashin kafa ƙawancen transatlantic da kuma ƙulla yarjejeniyar Tarayyar Soviet, kira wanda zai yi sauti daga rostrum na Kwalejin Westminster bayan 'yan shekaru.
Babban abin da ya kayyade rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin tsoffin abokan kawance da kuma farkon rikicinsu na duniya shi ne bayyanar makamin nukiliya a Amurka a shekara ta 1945. “Hanyoyin fada na Churchill da kuma goyon bayan Truman, wadanda suka tsaya kafada da kafada a kan dandalin, sun taimaka. shawo kan jama'ar Amurka game da bukatar sake shigar da makamai, Rukunan Truman, da Tsarin Marshall," in ji Kafruni.
Matsayin tafasa na shekaru goma da rabi masu zuwa, manyan kasashen biyu sun jefa dukkan karfinsu a cikin tseren makamai. Masana kimiyya a Amurka da USSR sun ɓullo da ci gaba da manyan makamai, makamai masu linzami, jiragen sama, helikofta, jiragen ruwa - a takaice, duk abin da zai iya kashewa. Ba da daɗewa ba tseren makamai ya kai matakin sararin samaniya, kuma a cikin ma'anar kalmar. USSR ita ce ta farko da ta harba tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi, ta aika da dabbobi, sannan kuma mutum ya shiga cikin kewayen duniya na kusa da duniya, kuma ya fara tafiya ta sararin samaniya ta farko. Amurka ta mayar da martani da tauraron dan adam na sadarwa na farko, na farko da ya tashi kusa da duniyar Mars, da kuma hotunan jajayen duniya, tashin farko, da sauka a duniyar wata.
Mahukuntan kuma sun yi yaƙi don tasiri a duniyarsu ta asali. A Turai, Afirka, Asiya, da Latin Amurka - sau da yawa ta hanyar juyin-juya hali - gwamnatocin gurguzu da masu adawa da Soviet, suna samun goyon bayan USSR da Amurka. Tare da kafa NATO da Kungiyar Warsaw Pact, sansanonin biyu masu adawa da juna sun sami iyakokin yanki da siyasa.
Babban tashin hankali tsakanin Amurka da USSR shine Rikicin Makami mai linzami na Cuban 1962. A cikin 1961, 'yan adawar Cuba, bisa ga umarnin Washington, sun yi ƙoƙari na hambarar da gwamnatin Fidel Castro. A lokaci guda, Amurkawa suna aiki a Turai: a lokacin, sun yi amfani da makaman nukiliya 45 a cikin USSR ta isa - a kudancin Italiya da Turkiyya Izmir. Saboda haka, Tarayyar Soviet ta fara shigar da makamanta na nukiliya da sojojinta zuwa Cuba. A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1962, wani jirgin leken asiri na Amurka U-2 ya gano su. A safiyar ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, an mika hotunan makamai masu linzami na Tarayyar Soviet a Cuba ga shugaban Amurka John F. Kennedy. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne aka fara mummunan rikicin.
A cikin kwanaki 13 na gaba, al'amura sun ci gaba da sauri. {Asar Amirka ta ba da sanarwar katange jiragen ruwa a kan Cuba, ta ja jiragen ruwa sama da 180 zuwa cikin Caribbean, kuma ta kawo dakarunta a Turai don yin cikakken shiri. Dakarun jiragen yakin Amurka sun zagaye kasar a tsibirin. Oktoba 27 - ranar da ta shiga tarihi a matsayin "Bakar Asabar" an harbe daya daga cikinsu. An kashe Manjo Rudolph Anderson, wanda ke kan jagoranci. A wannan rana, an kai hari kan wani jirgin ruwa na Tarayyar Soviet a yankin Caribbean. Ta kasance cikin zurfin zurfi kuma ba ta da alaƙa da saman, don haka kwamandan nata ya ɗauka cewa yakin ya riga ya fara, kuma ya yi tunanin yin amfani da wutar lantarki. Don danna maɓallin, wanda a wannan lokacin a zahiri ya raba ɗan adam daga ɓacin rai na nukiliya, yana buƙatar izinin jami'ai uku - ɗaya daga cikinsu, Vasily Arkhipov, ya ƙi.
A lokacin rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba ne shugabannin Amurka da na USSR suka fahimci a fili cewa zabin yakin nukiliya, wanda masu adawa da juna za su yi musabaha kawai ba zai yiwu ba. Wani yanayin da ya fi dacewa shine tare da manyan volleys da kuma lokacin sanyi na nukiliya wanda zai haifar da mutuwar dubban miliyoyin mutane. 'Yan siyasar bangarorin biyu sun fahimci cewa babu wanda zai yi nasara a irin wannan yakin. Wannan yana nufin cewa kuna buƙatar yin shawarwari.
Tarayyar Soviet ta janye makaman nukiliya daga Cuba da Amurka daga Italiya da Turkiyya. A tsakiyar rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba, Amurkawa sun shafe sa'o'i 12 suna samun da kuma warware saƙo daga Nikita Khrushchev. Don a ceci lokaci mai daraja, jam’iyyun sun kafa layin wayar da zai ba shugabannin jihohin biyu damar tuntubar juna cikin gaggawa. Rikicin ya kuma ingiza Moscow da Washington don yin shawarwari kan yarjejeniyoyin da za su taimaka wajen cimma daidaiton makaman nukiliya, da rage yawan makamai masu linzami zuwa iyakoki da za su amince da juna, da kuma kafa ikon mallakar sauran makaman. A cikin 1972, USSR da Amurka sun rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniya kan iyakance dabarun makamai, a cikin 1974 - yerjejeniyar kan iyakance gwajin makamin nukiliya na karkashin kasa. Akwai “kare” a cikin alakar da ke tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu. Ba shakka, za a ci gaba da yin tseren makamai, amma a ƙarshe makaman nukiliya sun shiga matsayin abin hanawa.
A karshen shekarun 1980, fadan da ke tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu ya fara dusashewa, kuma labulen karfe ya bude. A shekara ta 1988, George W. Bush, a lokacin mataimakin shugaban kasa a gwamnatin Ronald Reagan, ya yi jawabi ga dalibai a Kwalejin Westminster kuma, ba shakka, ya tuna da shahararren jawabin da aka ba a cikin wadannan ganuwar fiye da shekaru 40 da suka wuce. Labulen ƙarfe har yanzu yana tasowa daga Stettin. ku Trieste. Amma wannan labule ya yi tsatsa. Hasken haske daga Yamma, daga gefenmu, 'yanci da wadata, sun huda duhun rashin tausayi da yanke ƙauna daga wancan gefen 1989, bangon Berlin ya fadi, wanda ya zama, a cikin ma'ana, alamar jiki na Labulen ƙarfe. Bayan shekaru biyu, Tarayyar Soviet ta rushe, kuma tare da shi sansanin gurguzu. An kawo karshen yakin cacar baki a hukumance.
Cold War 2.0?
Tun farkon shekarun 2010 ne rikici tsakanin Amurka da Rasha ya sake tashi. Zuwan Donald Trump, wanda Moscow ta yi fata mai yawa, akasin haka, ya kara ta'azzara rikicin alakar kasashen biyu. A tsawon shekaru hudu, gwamnatin Trump ta yi watsi da yarjejeniyoyin sarrafa makamai daya bayan daya, sakamakon tattaunawa mai zafi da aka shafe shekaru ana yi tsakanin jami'an diflomasiyyar Soviet da Amurka.
Ƙarshe na yarjejeniyoyin - akan matakan da za a ƙara ragewa da iyakance dabarun kai hari (START-3) - ya ƙare a farkon Fabrairu 2021. Amma a zahiri, 'yan kwanaki kafin rugujewar tsarin kula da makamai na ƙarshe, sabuwar gwamnati a ƙarƙashin jagoranci. na Joe Biden da Kremlin duk da haka sun amince da tsawaita yarjejeniyar tsawon shekaru biyar. Duk da haka, fatan da ake da shi na tsarin hana yaɗuwa da kwance damara ya yi rauni sosai. An tsawaita START-3, amma ko bangarorin za su iya amincewa kan sharadi na START-4 a cikin shekaru biyar, tambaya ce a bayyane. Bugu da kari, ko da yake Amurka da Rasha sun rage yawan makaman nukiliya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sun himmatu wajen sabunta masu jigilar kayayyaki da haɓaka sabbin tsarin makaman nukiliya. Wato, a wata ma'ana, tseren makamai ya ƙaura daga yawa zuwa inganci. Duk da haka, makamai na kasashen biyu yanzu sun isa su kawar da wayewarmu daga fuskar duniya.
Duk waɗannan yanayi, tare da ƙara ƙiyayya da zazzafan kalaman da Rasha da Amurka suka yi wa juna, da kuma wani lokacin saber-rattling, sa mutum yayi tunani - shin muna kan gab da sabon yakin cacar baka? Wataƙila ta daɗe tana tafiya?
Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Gratsiani ya lura cewa halin da ake ciki yanzu a fagen kasa da kasa bai da tabbas. A cewar kwararen, sanin da Amurka ta yi na ganin cewa ta yi hasarar tsohon ikonta a duniya, na iya sa Washington ta dauki matakan da ba su dace ba, wanda hakan zai kara dagula al'amura a sassa daban-daban na duniya. Duk da haka, yayin da akwai wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin yakin cacar baka da tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, tarihi bai maimaita kansa ba. Hoton duniya ya canza gaba daya, ”in ji masanin. Ko da yake a fagen bayanai har yanzu ana iya samun kiraye-kirayen sake hadewar kasashen Yamma "karkashin reshen Amurka," Jamus da Faransa na kokarin neman 'yancin cin gashin kai daga Washington, in ji Graziani.
Shi kuwa Farfesa Kafruni ya yi imanin cewa, arangama tsakanin Amurka da China na da matukar hadari ga duniya. A nan, abin da ya kara tsananta shi ne sha'awar bangarorin don ci gaba da fadada tattalin arziki. Haƙiƙa ana ƙara kiran China babbar barazana daga Amurka da NATO, kodayake har yanzu ana yin hakan tare da Rasha. A cikin tekun Kudancin China, tashin hankali yana tashi a kai a kai, kuma Washington da Beijing suna zargin juna da "dabi'un soja." A fagen tattalin arziki tsakanin kasashe, sai dai kawai ka ji labarin yakin kasuwanci. Kuma yayin da akwai ra'ayi cewa tare da zuwan gwamnatin Joe Biden, da wuya lamarin ya canza zuwa mafi kyau.
To amma kiran arangamar da aka yi tsakanin wadannan jiga-jigan tattalin arziki da fasaha, da kuma takun-saka tsakanin Amurka da Rasha, zai zama wani abu mai sauki a kira yakin sanyi na biyu. A sa'i daya kuma, babu wanda zai iya ba da tabbacin cewa rikicin na 1962 ba zai sake maimaita kansa ba, ko da yake a cikin tekun kudancin kasar Sin fiye da na Caribbean. Kuma ba gaskiya ba ne cewa a wannan karo a China ko Amurka za a sami Vasily Arkhipov, wanda zai dakatar da shirin nukiliya na farko.
