What are the technical differences between C-sharp and Java? No evangelism, please, just the facts.

Carnage4Life (Dare Obasanjo) has completed a detailed comparison of C# and Java, outlining the things that are identical, similar, nearly the same, or completely different between the two languages.

Quick Index

1. The More Things Change The More They Stay The Same
   This section describes concepts and language features that are almost exactly the same in C# and Java.
   1. We Are All Objects
   2. Keyword Jumble
   3. Of Virtual Machines and Language Runtimes
   4. Heap Based Classes and Garbage Collection
   5. Arrays Can Be Jagged
   6. No Global Methods
   7. Interfaces, Yes. Multiple Inheritance, No.
   8. Strings Are Immutable
   9. Unextendable Classes
   10. Throwing and Catching Exceptions
   11. Member Initialization at Definition and Static Constructors
       
       
2. The Same But Different
   This section describes concepts and language features that differ either only in syntax or in some similarly minor manner between C# and Java.
   1. Main Method
   2. Inheritance Syntax
   3. Run Time Type Identification (is operator)
   4. Namespaces
   5. Constructors, Destructors and Finalizers
   6. Synchronizing Methods and Code Blocks
   7. Access Modifiers
   8. Reflection
   9. Declaring Constants
   10. Primitive Types
   11. Array Declarations
   12. Calling Base Class Constructors and Constructor Chaining
       
       
3. An Ever So Slight Feeling of Dèjà Vu
   This section describes concepts and language features that exist in C# that are similar to those that exist in Java but with a significant difference.
   1. Nested classes
   2. Threads and Volatile Members
   3. Operator Overloading
   4. switch Statement
   5. Assemblies
   6. Collections
   7. goto (no longer considered harmful)
   8. Virtual Methods (and final ones too)
   9. File I/O
   10. Object Serialization
   11. Documentation Generation from Source Code Comments
   12. Multiple Classes in a Single File
   13. Importing Libraries
   14. Events
   15. Cross Language Interoperability
       
       
4. Now For Something Completely Different
   This section describes language features and concepts that exist in C# and have no Java counterpart.
   1. Deterministic Object Cleanup
   2. Delegates
   3. Enumerations
   4. Value Types (Structs)
   5. Boxing
   6. Run Time Type Identification (as operator)
   7. foreach Statement
   8. Properties
   9. Multidimensional Arrays
   10. Attributes
   11. Indexers
   12. Preprocessor Directives
   13. Aliases
   14. Runtime Code Generation
   15. Pointers and Unsafe Code
   16. Pass by Reference
   17. Variable Length Parameter Lists
   18. Verbatim Strings
   19. Overflow Detection
   20. Explicit Interface Implementation
       
       
5. Wish You Were Here
   This section describes language features and concepts that exist in Java and have no C# counterpart.
   1. Checked Exceptions
   2. Cross Platform Portability (Write Once, Run Anywhere)
   3. Extensions
   4. strictfp
   5. Dynamic Class Loading
   6. Interfaces That Contain Fields
   7. Anonymous Inner Classes
      
      
6. Conclusion
7. Resources
8. Acknowledgements