What are the differences between checked and unchecked exceptions?

A checked exception is any subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses.

Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown. eg, IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read() method

Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked.

With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. eg, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method.

Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be, as they tend to be unrecoverable.