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Contents

Introduction

Basic structure of an applet

Move a ball

Double buffering

Ball bouncing and change the direction

Using sound in applets

Using pictures in applets

Mouse events

Keyboard events

The first complete game

Artificial intelligence for a pong like game

Generation of random 2D landscapes

We want to start with a very essential step. We will program an applet in which a ball is moving from the left to the right hand side. I know this is nothing BIG but if you want to learn how to program games it is very important to understand how to animate objects!

At the beginning we have to write our basic structure of an applet again but we will add two little things. Our applet has to implement the interface Runnable and the corrosponding method run() to animate an object. The structure of the applet should look like this:

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class BallApplet extends Applet implements Runnable
{

public void init() { }

public void start() { }

public void stop() { }

public void destroy() { }

public void run () { }

public void paint (Graphics g) { }

}

Threads
A thread is a piece of program that is able to run parallel to other parts of the program (multithreading). Threads are implemented by the class Thread, the interface Runnable and the method run(), we have already implemented these two things in the step before. Important methods of the class Thread are:

• Thread.start(): starts a thread
• Thread.stop(): stops a thread
• Thread.sleep(time in milliseconds): stops thread for a certain amount of time

You can find more functions of the thread class in the Java API!

And here comes the code!

To move a object we need another object that has to be an instance of the class Thread; we declare this object in the start - method of our applet:

public void start ()
{

// define a new thread
Thread th = new Thread (this);
// start this thread
th.start ();

}

Now this thread is running in the run() - method of our applet. Every time all methods... in the run - method have been called, we stop the thread for a short time. Your run method should look like this:

public void run ()
{

•  
  •  
    // Stop thread for 20 milliseconds
    Thread.sleep (20);
    
    // do nothing
    
  // repaint the applet
  repaint();
  
  try
  { }
  catch (InterruptedException ex)
  { }
  
  // set ThreadPriority to maximum value
  Thread.currentThread().setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
  
// lower ThreadPriority
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);

// run a long while (true) this means in our case "always"
while (true)
{ }

}

What we have now is a neverending loop that executes all things within the loop, waits 20 milliseconds and executes everything once again and so on. But how can we move a circle that is painted by the applet?

Well this is a very simple idea: Our circle has a x - and a y - position. If we were to add 1 to the x - position everytime the thread is executed, the ball whould move across the applet, because it is painted at a different x - position everytime we execute the thread!

Ok, let's start with drawing a circle: Add these lines to the paint - method of the applet:

public void paint (Graphics g)
{

// set color
g.setColor (Color.red);

// paint a filled colored circle
g.fillOval (x_pos - radius, y_pos - radius, 2 * radius, 2 * radius);

}

And we need the following instance variables at the head of the program:

int x_pos = 10;
int y_pos = 100;
int radius = 20;

To move a ball we change the value of the x_pos variable everytime the thread is executed. Our run - method should look like this:

public void run ()
{
...

•  
  // changing the x - position of the ball/circle
  x_pos ++;
  ...
  
while (true)
{ }

}

If you add this applet to an HTML document as seen in the previous chapter, a red ball should be moving across the applet one time!

Sourcecode download
Take a look at the applet

Next chapter

Double buffering